extrapyramaalsed

Extrapyramidal symptoms, often abbreviated as EPS, refer to a group of movement disorders that can occur as a side effect of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics and some antiemetics. These symptoms are related to the disruption of the extrapyramidal system, a complex network of neurons in the brain that controls voluntary and involuntary movement. The primary function of this system is to regulate muscle tone, posture, and the coordination of movement. When medications interfere with the balance of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, within this system, EPS can manifest.

The most common types of extrapyramidal symptoms include acute dystonia, which involves involuntary muscle contractions and spasms; akathisia, characterized by a distressing feeling of restlessness and an inability to sit still; and parkinsonism, which presents with symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, such as tremor, rigidity, and slow movement. Tardive dyskinesia is another, more serious type of EPS that can develop with long-term use of certain medications and involves involuntary, repetitive movements, often of the face, tongue, or limbs.

Diagnosis of EPS typically involves a clinical assessment of the patient's movements and a review of their medication history. Treatment strategies aim to manage or reduce the symptoms, often by adjusting the dosage of the offending medication or by prescribing anticholinergic medications to counteract the effects on the extrapyramidal system. In some cases, switching to a different medication with a lower risk of EPS may be necessary.