extincteur

An extincteur, or fire extinguisher, is a portable device designed to control small fires in their early stages. It releases an extinguishing agent that interrupts combustion and cools, smothers, or displaces oxygen. Extinguishers are common in homes, offices, industrial sites, and vehicles.

Extinguishers vary by the agent and the fire class they are intended to fight. Typical types include water, foam, dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide, wet chemical, and clean-agent agents. Many devices are rated for Class A (ordinary combustibles), Class B (flammable liquids), Class C (electrical), Class D (metals), or Class K (cooking oils). In practice, multi-class ABC powders are widely used.

To use one, follow the PASS guideline: Pull the pin; Aim at the base of the fire; Squeeze the handle; Sweep the nozzle from side to side. Keep a safe distance and watch for signs of the fire spreading. If the fire grows or you cannot reach a safe exit, evacuate and call emergency services. Do not use water-based extinguishers on electrical equipment or on fires involving flammable liquids.

Maintenance includes monthly visual checks, ensuring the pressure gauge shows a charged range, and annual professional servicing. Extinguishers should be hydrostatically tested at prescribed intervals and replaced when damaged or past their expiry date. Local regulations and standards, such as NFPA 10 in the United States or EN 3 in Europe, govern installation and inspection.

The device has roots in the 19th century, with early portable extinguishers evolving into the modern units of the 20th century. Developments included specialized powders and, later, clean agents to reduce collateral damage and environmental impact.