expectorantia

Expectorantia, or expectorants, are a class of medicines and substances intended to aid the clearance of mucus from the airways. They are used to treat productive coughs associated with conditions such as acute bronchitis, sinusitis, and upper respiratory infections. By altering the properties of bronchial secretions or by stimulating secretion, they aim to make mucus easier to cough up.

Mechanisms of action attributed to expectorants include thinning or hydration of mucus, reducing its viscosity to facilitate removal, and, in some cases, reflex stimulation of bronchial secretions through irritation of the stomach lining or airways. Historically, iodide-containing preparations and ammonium salts were used as expectorants; modern clinical use is dominated by guaifenesin, sometimes in combination products with decongestants or antitussives. The field of mucokinetics also encompasses mucolytics, which chemically break down mucus and are distinct from traditional expectorants.

Indications for expectorants center on productive coughs where thinning mucus can help clearance. They are not proven to shorten the course of illness and are not recommended for dry, nonproductive coughs. Caution is advised in children, pregnant individuals, and those with certain conditions; products containing iodide may affect thyroid function and should be avoided in some settings.

Safety and efficacy are subject to ongoing evaluation. Adverse effects are generally mild and may include upset stomach, dizziness, or rash. In many guidelines, the benefit of pure expectorants is modest, and adequate hydration is also recommended as part of care. Expectorantia are commonly available over the counter in various jurisdictions.