eunouchos

The term eunouchos is derived from the Greek word eunouchos, which translates to "bed-keeper" or "one who guards the bed." Historically, eunuchs were men who had been castrated, typically to serve in specific roles within royal courts or religious institutions. This castration was often performed before puberty, which resulted in a distinct physical development, preventing the growth of secondary sexual characteristics and often leading to a higher-pitched voice.

The practice of castration for the purpose of creating eunuchs was widespread across various ancient civilizations, including the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and various East Asian dynasties. Their roles varied significantly depending on the culture and time period. They were commonly employed as palace attendants, guards, harem keepers, and even as high-ranking officials or administrators, particularly in the Byzantine and Chinese courts. Their perceived lack of sexual desire and familial ambition made them seem trustworthy for positions that required loyalty and discretion.

In some societies, eunuchs also held religious significance. For example, in certain Near Eastern cults and later within some Christian monastic traditions, castration was practiced for spiritual reasons, believed to promote asceticism and a closer connection to the divine. The social status of eunuchs could range from enslaved individuals to powerful figures, depending on their skills, intelligence, and the favor they held with rulers. The practice has largely died out in modern times, although instances of self-castration for religious or personal reasons still occur in some isolated communities.