etylointi

Etylointi is the chemical process of introducing an ethyl group into a substrate. The term is used in Estonian and Finnish scientific literature, and in English it is known as ethylation. It covers several subtypes depending on where the ethyl group attaches: O-ethylation, N-ethylation, and C-ethylation.

Common methods employ ethylating agents such as ethyl halides (for example, ethyl chloride or ethyl bromide) and related leaving-group compounds. Ethylation can proceed via nucleophilic substitution on suitable substrates or via electrophilic alkylation with activated partners. In organic synthesis, etylointi is used to install ethyl substituents, modify reactivity, or transform functionality, and it can be used to form derivatives such as ethyl ethers or to alter properties like lipophilicity and metabolic stability.

In biochemical contexts, exposure to certain ethylating agents can modify biomolecules by transferring ethyl groups to nucleophilic sites in DNA and proteins. Such modifications can contribute to mutagenesis, cytotoxicity, or other biological effects, especially under unintended or excessive exposure.

Safety and regulation: handling of ethylating reagents requires appropriate facilities, training, and safety measures. Many agents are toxic, potentially carcinogenic, or environmentally hazardous. Proper risk assessment, containment, and waste disposal are essential in both laboratory and industrial settings.

See also: ethyl group, ethylation (chemistry), alkylation, Friedel–Crafts alkylation.