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Ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, is a simple carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH₃COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sour smell and a distinctly sour taste. It is the main component of vinegar, besides trace elements, and is responsible for its characteristic flavor and smell. In pure form, it is a corrosive liquid and a solid below its melting point of 16.6 °C.

Ethanoic acid is an important reagent in the chemical industry. It is used in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, which is a precursor to polyvinyl acetate, a common component of paints and adhesives. It is also used to produce cellulose acetate, which is used in photographic film and fibers. Furthermore, ethanoic acid is used as a solvent for reactions and as a food additive (E260) for preservation and flavoring.

Naturally, ethanoic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol, a process often carried out by acetic acid bacteria. This natural production is the basis for making vinegar. It plays a role in the metabolism of many organisms. In humans, it is a product of carbohydrate metabolism and is found in small amounts in blood.