erhoben

Erhoben is the past participle of the German verb erheben. It primarily denotes that something has been raised, lifted, or elevated. The form is also used in a variety of senses related to gathering, levying, or bringing forth, such as taxes, fees, or complaints.

In usage, erhoben appears in compound tenses with the auxiliary haben: Die Behörden haben neue Steuern erhoben. It is also used in passive constructions: Neue Steuern werden erhoben. The verb can describe a physical action, for example: Er hat die Hand erhoben. As an adjectival participle or in phrases, it conveys the sense of something that is raised or elevated, for instance mit erhobener Stimme (with a raised voice) or eine erhobene Stirn (a raised brow).

Etymologically, erheben derives from er- plus heben (to lift), with roots in the Germanic language family. The term has evolved to cover multiple related meanings, including lifting, raising in a literal sense, and raising, levying, or presenting in figurative senses (such as filing a complaint or imposing a levy).

See also: In fiscal and legal contexts, the related verb erheben is common in phrases describing taxation, fees, or charges, as in Steuern erheben or Gebühren erheben. In everyday language, it also appears in expressions describing deliberate raising of a part of the body or of one’s voice.