energynutrient

An energynutrient is a nutrient that provides energy when metabolized. In nutrition science, energynutrients are mainly the macronutrients—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—and they supply calories necessary for daily activities and physiological processes. In contrast, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals do not supply usable energy but perform regulatory roles.

Carbohydrates supply about 4 kilocalories per gram, fats about 9 kcal/g, and proteins about 4 kcal/g. Dietary energy is also influenced by alcohol, which provides about 7 kcal/g but is not considered an essential energynutrient and has different health considerations. The energy value of foods is commonly estimated using Atwater factors.

An individual's energy requirements depend on age, sex, weight, activity, and health status. Energy balance occurs when energy intake from energynutrients matches expenditure. Excess energy can lead to weight gain; a deficit can cause weight loss. Adequate distribution of energynutrients in the diet supports metabolic functions, tissue maintenance, and growth.

Nutrition guidelines describe recommended ranges for energy distribution among macronutrients, known as AMDR. Typical ranges include carbohydrate 45–65% of energy, fat 20–35%, and protein 10–35%, with individual adjustments for athletes, pregnancy, or medical conditions. In diets, the quality of energynutrients matters: choosing complex carbohydrates, healthy fats, and adequate protein supports health more than high-energy but nutrient-poor sources. Fiber and some micronutrients accompany energynutrients and influence satiety, digestion, and metabolism.