elul

Elul is the sixth month of the civil year and the sixth month of the religious year in the Hebrew calendar, occurring before Tishrei. In the fixed calendar it usually falls in late summer to early autumn and lasts 29 days. The month is traditionally viewed as a time of preparation for the High Holy Days, particularly Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, emphasizing reflection, repentance, and reconciliation.

The etymology of Elul is not certain. Most scholars link the name to the Babylonian month Ellul, though various folk etymologies exist in Hebrew literature. In Jewish thought, Elul is associated with teshuva (repentance) and a period of self-examination that prepares individuals for the introspection of the Days of Awe.

Common observances during Elul include intensified prayers and self-scrutiny. Many communities begin selichot, penitential prayers, either at the start of Elul or on the Saturday night preceding Rosh Chodesh Elul, with practices varying by tradition. Individuals are encouraged to review their actions, repair relationships, and seek forgiveness from others. Tashlich, the symbolic casting away of sins, is often performed on Rosh Hashanah or during Elul. Some people engage in additional study, charity, and acts of kindness as part of the spiritual preparation.

In liturgical and cultural practice, Elul marks a transition from normal life to the heightened spiritual discipline of the High Holy Days. Customs can differ among Jewish denominations and communities, but the overall aim is communal and personal renewal in the lead-up to Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.