elektrolytniveaus

Elektrolytniveaus, or electrolyte levels, refer to the concentrations of key ions in body fluids. They are essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and acid–base homeostasis. The major electrolytes are sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, with other ions playing smaller roles. These levels are tightly regulated by the kidneys, hormones, and daily intake.

Measurement and reference ranges

Electrolyte levels are typically assessed through blood tests as part of a metabolic panel or electrolyte panel. Reference ranges vary by laboratory, but general adult ranges are approximately: sodium 135–145 mEq/L, potassium 3.5–5.0 mEq/L, chloride 98–107 mEq/L, bicarbonate 22–29 mEq/L, calcium 8.5–10.5 mg/dL, magnesium 1.7–2.2 mg/dL, and phosphate 2.5–4.5 mg/dL. Values outside these ranges can indicate imbalance and may reflect changes in fluid status, organ function, or hormonal regulation.

Common disturbances and consequences

Electrolyte disturbances include hyponatremia and hypernatremia (low or high sodium), hypokalemia and hyperkalemia (low or high potassium), hypochloremia and hyperchloremia (low or high chloride), and abnormalities of bicarbonate affecting acid–base balance. Calcium and magnesium imbalances can impact bone health, neuromuscular function, and cardiac activity, while phosphate abnormalities relate to energy metabolism and bone integrity. Symptoms range from weakness and confusion to seizures or arrhythmias, depending on the electrolyte and severity.

Causes and management

Causes include dehydration, kidney disease, endocrine disorders, and medications such as diuretics or certain antihypertensives. Management targets the underlying cause and the restoration of safe levels, often through fluid therapy, electrolyte supplementation or restriction, dietary adjustments, and in some cases dialysis or specialized medical care.