eisen

Eisen, or iron, is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal that occurs extensively in Earth's crust and forms a central part of modern industry. In German, the element is commonly referred to as Eisen.

In nature iron occurs mainly in minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). The pure metal is prone to corrosion in air and moisture, yielding iron oxide or rust. Iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure at room temperature and exhibits ferromagnetism. Its common allotropes are alpha-Fe (ferrite) and gamma-Fe (austenite), which differ in crystal structure and properties. The element has a density of about 7.87 g/cm3, a melting point of 1538°C, and a boiling point of 2862°C.

Production involves reducing iron ore in a furnace with carbon, typically in a blast furnace to produce pig iron, which is then refined to steel. Through alloying and heat treatment, steel can be made hard, tough, and ductile, while other iron alloys lead to cast iron, stainless steel, and specialized materials.

Uses: Steel is the main product, employed in construction, transportation, machinery, and tools. Iron compounds also serve as catalysts, pigments, and additives in various industrial processes.

Biology and health: Iron is an essential micronutrient for most organisms. In humans it is a central component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, enabling oxygen transport and storage. Iron deficiency causes anemia, while excess iron can be toxic.

Name and symbol: The chemical symbol Fe derives from ferrum, the Latin name for iron. In German, the element is called Eisen.

History and environment: Iron use dates to antiquity and the Iron Age. Mining and processing have environmental impacts, including energy use and emissions, with modern steelmaking emphasizing recycling and emissions control.