draaimachine

Draaimachine, commonly known as a lathe, is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis and uses a stationary cutting tool to remove material. It produces cylindrical forms, threads, bores, and other features. Typical operations include turning, facing, threading, and boring. Lathes range from small bench models to large CNC machines and can handle metal or woodworking.

Construction and operation: The main parts are the bed, headstock with spindle, tailstock, and a movable carriage with a toolholder. A workpiece is clamped in a chuck or between centers and rotated by the headstock. The tool mounted on the carriage is fed along the axis to remove material. Precision comes from accurate alignment of the spindle, tailstock, and ways, along with controlled feeds.

History: Lathes date to ancient wood turning; metal lathes emerged in Europe in the early modern period. The 19th century brought standardization through screw-cutting lathes, enabling interchangeable parts. CNC lathes, introduced in the late 20th century, enabled automated, programmable turning for complex geometries and high-volume production.

Types and applications: Manual lathes include engine lathes and turret lathes for general-purpose turning. CNC lathes offer automated production; specialized wood lathes are used in woodworking. Applications include automotive components, machinery parts, fasteners, and craft work. The choice depends on tolerances, material, and production rate.

Safety and maintenance: Safe operation requires guards and personal protective equipment, proper workholding, and appropriate speeds and feeds. Regular maintenance includes lubrication of bearings and leadscrews, checking alignment, and keeping ways clean.