diphtheriatetanus

Diphtheria and tetanus are two distinct bacterial diseases that are often discussed together because they are preventable by the same vaccination program and can have severe, life-threatening consequences. Diphtheria is caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is transmitted mainly through respiratory droplets or close contact with contaminated secretions. The disease can cause a characteristic pseudomembrane in the throat, which may impede breathing, as well as fever, malaise, and swelling of the neck. The diphtheria toxin can injure the heart, nerves, and kidneys, leading to myocarditis and neuropathies in some cases.

Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, typically entering the body through a wound contaminated with spores. The bacteria produce tetanospasmin, a toxin that travels to the nervous system and disrupts inhibitory neurotransmission. This results in painful muscle stiffness and spasms, commonly beginning with the jaw (lockjaw) and progressing to generalized rigidity and autonomic instability. Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person.

Diagnosis is largely clinical for both diseases, supported by laboratory testing where appropriate. Diphtheria is treated with antitoxin and antibiotics to halt toxin production and eradicate the organism; airway support may be required. Tetanus is treated with wound debridement when needed, antibiotics, and administration of tetanus immune globulin, along with supportive care and measures to control muscle spasms.

Prevention relies on vaccination. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines (DTaP in children; Tdap or Td boosters for adolescents and adults) provide protection against both diseases, with booster doses typically given every 10 years. High vaccination coverage and rapid wound management are key public health strategies to reduce incidence and complications.