dioica

Dioica is a botanical term used to describe plant species in which individual plants are either male or female, rather than containing both reproductive functions on the same plant. The word derives from Latin, commonly interpreted as “two houses,” reflecting the separation of sexes onto different individuals. In dioecious species, male plants produce pollen via male flowers, while female plants bear ovules and, after fertilization, seeds and fruits through female flowers.

In contrast, many plants are monoecious, with both male and female flowers on the same individual, and others are hermaphroditic, with flowers that contain both male and female reproductive organs. Dioecy has implications for reproduction and population dynamics, as successful seed production requires the presence of both male and female plants in proximity to allow cross-pollination. Pollination modes vary by species and can involve wind, insects, or other animals. Some dioecious species also exhibit gender-specific morphological or physiological differences beyond the flowers themselves.

Examples of dioecious plants include Ginkgo biloba, many species of Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars), Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), and Cannabis sativa. Dioecy is observed across various plant lineages and is one of several sexual systems that have evolved to promote genetic diversity through outcrossing.

In taxonomy and horticulture, the term dioica (or the related adjective dioecious) is used to indicate this reproductive strategy. The concept helps explain breeding behaviour, fruit production patterns, and conservation considerations for species with separate-sex individuals.