desequilibrio

Desequilibrio is a term used across disciplines to denote a state in which the balance between opposing forces, quantities, or processes is disrupted, producing instability or disorder. The word comes from des- (not) and equilibrio (balance).

In physics and engineering, the concept appears as static imbalance, where mass is unevenly distributed around an axis, and dynamic imbalance, which interacts with rotation to generate vibrations, noise, wear, and potential component failure. Detection and correction typically involve balancing the system, adding counterweights, or redesigning parts to achieve symmetric load distribution.

In biology and medicine, disequilibrium or imbalance can refer to disturbances of homeostasis or to vestibular dysfunction that causes a subjective sense of unsteadiness. Symptoms may include dizziness, vertigo, nausea, or gait instability. Causes range from inner ear disorders and neurological conditions to medication effects and changes in posture or blood pressure.

In economics, disequilibrium describes a market condition where supply and demand do not coincide at the prevailing price, preventing an immediate clearing of the market. Prices and quantities tend to adjust over time, but frictions, information gaps, or external interventions can maintain disequilibrium for extended periods.

In ecology, imbalance refers to disruptions of ecosystem structure and function, such as invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, or climate change, leading to altered species interactions and reduced ecosystem resilience.

Restoration of balance generally involves identifying causal factors, implementing corrective measures, and re-establishing feedback mechanisms that promote stability and resilience. See also equilibrium, homeostasis, balance.