dermatoscope

A dermatoscope, also called a dermoscope, is a handheld optical device used by clinicians to examine skin lesions with greater clarity than the unaided eye. It combines magnification with specialized illumination to reveal subsurface skin structures, such as pigment networks, vascular patterns, and signs of regression, which are not visible at normal skin inspection. Dermoscopy enhances lesion characterization and supports diagnostic decision-making in dermatology.

Most dermatoscopes fall into two main modalities. Non-polarized dermoscopy typically requires direct contact with the skin and often uses an immersion fluid to minimize air gaps and surface glare. Polarized dermoscopy uses cross-polarized light to reduce surface reflection, allowing visualization of deeper structures and sometimes enabling non-contact examination. Modern devices frequently integrate digital imaging, enabling still images or video capture for storage, analysis, or teledermoscopy.

Clinical use focuses on evaluating pigmented lesions to distinguish benign entities such as common nevi and seborrheic keratoses from malignant melanoma, as well as guiding biopsy or treatment decisions. Dermoscopic pattern analysis relies on features including pigment networks, dots and globules, streaks or pseudopods, blue-white veils, and distinct vascular patterns. The technique can improve diagnostic accuracy when used by trained clinicians and is commonly employed in both primary care and dermatology settings, including telemedicine.

Limitations include the need for training to interpret features accurately, potential interobserver variability, and the fact that dermoscopy does not replace histopathologic confirmation when necessary. Equipment cost and maintenance, as well as patient factors such as lesion location or history, can also influence its utility.