dendriti

Dendriti, or dendrites in English, are the branched projections of neurons that typically receive synaptic inputs from other neurons. They form the dendritic arbor that integrates signals and contributes to the neuron's computational properties.

They extend from the soma and vary by neuron type; include apical dendrites and basal dendrites in pyramidal neurons. Dendritic spines are tiny protrusions on the shafts where most excitatory synapses occur; spines are dynamic structures.

Function: They receive chemical synaptic inputs, modulate membrane potential, and participate in local integration. Dendrites support electrical signaling through passive properties and sometimes active conductances; backpropagating action potentials can influence spine plasticity.

Development and plasticity: Dendritic trees develop during embryonic and postnatal periods; their growth is guided by intrinsic programs and neural activity; synaptic activity induces remodeling and spine turnover; structural changes underlie learning and memory.

Clinical relevance: Alterations in dendritic morphology and spine density are observed in several conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. They may reflect or contribute to altered synaptic connectivity and cognitive function.

Research and methods: Studied via imaging (Golgi stain, confocal/two-photon microscopy), electrophysiology (patch-clamp at dendrites), and computational modeling of dendritic trees.