demokrasi

Demokrasi, or democracy, is a system of government in which power ultimately rests with the people. In a democracy, citizens participate in political decision-making directly or through elected representatives. Key elements typically include free and fair elections, universal suffrage, political equality, the rule of law, and protections for civil liberties such as freedom of expression, assembly, and association. Democracies also emphasize accountability, transparency, and the peaceful transfer of power.

The term derives from Greek demos, people, and kratos, power. The modern concept emerged in Europe and North America during the Enlightenment and the subsequent development of constitutionalism, representative government, and constitutional rights. Over time, democracies have diversified in practice into models such as liberal democracies, social democracies, and direct or deliberative forms of democracy at local levels.

In representative democracies, citizens elect representatives who make policy and govern within constitutional limits. Direct democracy mechanisms—such as referendums and citizen initiatives—allow some decisions to be made directly by the electorate. Many systems blend these approaches, with varying degrees of executive power, legislative oversight, and judicial independence.

Scholars and practitioners discuss the strengths and vulnerabilities of democracies. Proponents point to accountability, legitimacy, inclusion, and adaptation through peaceful contestation. Critics note challenges such as unequal influence, polarization, misinformation, governance complexity, and threats to the rule of law. Democracies are also sensitive to external conditions, including economic stress and security concerns.

Global experience shows a spectrum of outcomes, from consolidated liberal democracies to rising illiberal practices. While no system is perfect, democracy remains a central reference point for organizing political power with consent, rights, and accountability.