defamers

Defamers are individuals or entities who publish statements that harm another's reputation by presenting false facts as true. The label covers people who directly make defamatory claims as well as those who repeat or disseminate them. The harm can affect a person’s reputation, employment, or social standing.

Defamation generally requires publication to a third party, falsity of the statements, and some form of injury or damage. Many legal systems also require fault on the part of the defamer. In civil contexts, standards vary by jurisdiction and by whether the plaintiff is a private individual or a public figure. In many jurisdictions, public figures must show actual malice to recover damages; private individuals may succeed with a lower standard of fault, such as negligence.

Defenses to defamation include truth (or substantial truth), and opinion not presented as fact. Privilege may apply in certain contexts, providing absolute or qualified protection. Other defenses include consent and fair comment on matters of public interest. Statutes of limitations and damages caps may also affect defamation claims.

Penalties and remedies for defamation typically include civil liability for damages, retraction, or injunctions. In some jurisdictions, criminal penalties exist for defamation. Online defamation poses additional challenges due to rapid dissemination, potential anonymity, and cross-border issues; platforms may have liability considerations and moderation responsibilities. Defamation law thus seeks a balance between protecting reputation and preserving freedom of expression, with outcomes varying by jurisdiction and context.