cytoplazmie

Cytoplasm, referred to here as cytoplazmie, is the material inside a cell excluding the nucleus. In eukaryotic cells it lies between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and includes the cytosol (the fluid component) together with organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton. In prokaryotic cells there is no defined nucleus, but the term still describes the cellular contents within the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm is composed of two main parts: the cytosol and the cytoplasmic organelles. The cytosol is a semi-fluid, gel-like matrix rich in water, ions, nutrients, and soluble proteins. It hosts many metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. The cytoplasmic organelles encompass mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and various vesicles. Ribosomes, which carry out protein synthesis, are dispersed in the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm also contains the cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules), which provides shape, structural support, and pathways for intracellular transport.

Functions of the cytoplazmie include supporting and organizing cellular contents, facilitating metabolic reactions, and enabling the movement and localization of organelles and molecules. It is involved in energy production (through mitochondrial processes), biosynthesis of macromolecules, and the storage of substances. The cytoplasm also participates in cell signaling and, in plant cells, contributes to processes such as cytoplasmic streaming, which aids intracellular transport.

Distinct features can occur across cell types. In plant cells, the cytoplazmie surrounds chloroplasts and vacuoles, and plasmodesmata connect neighboring cells, while animal cells exhibit rich cytoskeletal activity for motility and shape changes. Overall, the cytoplazmie is a dynamic, multifunctional component essential to cellular life.