cynical

Cynical is an adjective describing an attitude of distrust toward others' motives and a belief that actions are primarily driven by self-interest. It can also describe a tone that is skeptical, derisive, or contemptuous about sincerity or altruism. The related noun is cynicism; a cynic is a person who holds such views.

Etymology: The word derives from Latin cynicus and Greek kynikos “dog-like,” originally associated with the Cynic school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE by Antisthenes; Diogenes of Sinope is a well-known representative. The ancient Cynics emphasized living in accordance with nature and rejecting conventional desires and social norms, and their provocative, shameless honesty sometimes provoked the label cynic. The modern sense diverges from the philosophical movement, emphasizing skepticism about others' motives rather than ethical asceticism.

Usage: In everyday language, cynical describes attitudes toward politics, media, institutions, and human motives, often implying that people act out of self-interest rather than virtue. It is frequently used pejoratively, though some contexts may describe a pragmatic or protective stance. It is related to skepticism, pessimism, and misanthropy, but typically denotes a specific belief about motives. Distinctions exist between a general skeptical outlook and a cynical commitment to distrust; cynicism can be a pervasive personality trait or a reaction to perceived disappointments.