cyklooksygenaz

Cyklooksygenaz is the term used in some languages for the cyclooxygenase family of enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the first committed step in the synthesis of prostanoids, converting membrane-derived arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, the precursor to various prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

In humans, two main isoforms are recognized: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues and supports homeostatic functions such as protecting the gastric mucosa and facilitating platelet aggregation. COX-2 is inducible and upregulated during inflammation, contributing to pain, swelling, and fever.

Cyklooksygenaz enzymes reside in cellular membranes and participate in the endoperoxide synthase pathway. They are found predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes of cells. Prostaglandin H2, produced by these enzymes, is further converted to various prostaglandins and thromboxanes that regulate inflammation, vascular tone, renal function, and other physiological processes.

Pharmacologically, cyklooksygenaz activity is targeted by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, reducing pain and inflammation but potentially causing gastrointestinal side effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to minimize GI toxicity; however, some have been associated with cardiovascular risks, leading to restricted use or withdrawal of certain agents. The PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes encode COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.