craggy

craggy (adjective) describes a landscape or surface that is rugged, steep, and characterised by steep rock outcrops or cliffs. It is often used in geology, geography and travel writing to convey the rough, uneven nature of a terrain that is dominated by exposed rock faces and jagged ridges.

The term originates from the noun crag, a word dating back to Middle English (crague or crage) and ultimately from Celtic roots meaning a rugged cliff or cliff face. In modern usage, craggy can describe mountains, coastlines, caves, and even abstract objects or situations, such as a “craggy history” or a “craggy personality” implying a harsh, severe character.

In geology, a craggy terrain typically results from the erosion of softer surrounding material, leaving harder rock strata as exposed, sharp ridges. Craggy formations are common in alpine regions, sea cliffs, and volcanic landscapes where differential weathering or tectonic uplift has produced pronounced vertical faces. The term contrasts with smoother descriptors such as flat, plain, or gently undulating.

While primarily an adjective, craggy can also function as a noun in informal contexts, referring to a crag itself: “We hiked along a series of craggy.” In applications outside physical geography, craggy can denote tough, formidable conditions, often used metaphorically to describe a difficult task or a volatile environment. The usage is widespread in literature, mountaineering guides, and environmental reports, underscoring the term’s versatility in conveying a sense of ruggedness.