commendary

A commendary is a form of ecclesiastical benefice in the Roman Catholic Church that was historically granted to a clergyman, known as a commendatory abbot or bishop, who held the income and rights of a monastery or diocese without necessarily having the full spiritual or administrative responsibilities. This practice emerged in the late medieval period, often as a way for secular rulers or the Pope to reward loyal supporters or to secure the financial resources of a religious institution. The commendatory would receive a portion of the revenues, while the actual day-to-day management and spiritual leadership were often delegated to a vicar or a subordinate.

The institution of commendams faced criticism throughout its history due to concerns about simony and the neglect of monastic discipline and diocesan duties. Critics argued that it undermined the original purpose of religious houses and offices, turning them into sources of personal enrichment rather than centers of spiritual life and service. Despite these criticisms, commendams persisted for centuries. In some cases, commendatory abbots were also bishops who held multiple benefices. The practice was gradually reformed and eventually abolished in many places, though its legacy influenced the structure and administration of church property and appointments. The term "commendary" itself refers to the benefice granted under this system.