columbary

A columbary is a structure designed to house pigeons or doves, often referred to as a dovecote or pigeon loft. Historically, columbaries served a variety of purposes, including the raising of pigeons for food and the collection of their droppings for fertilizer. These structures vary greatly in size and design, from small, free-standing buildings in gardens to elaborate multi-story structures incorporated into larger estates.

Traditional columbaries were often circular or square in shape, with numerous nesting boxes, or "holes," built into the walls. The entrance was typically a small opening at the top, sometimes protected by a railing to deter predators. Pigeons were attracted to these structures by their secure nesting sites and the availability of food and water, often provided by the owner. The practice of keeping pigeons in columbaries was widespread in Europe and the Middle East for centuries.

In some ancient Roman villas, columbaries were quite substantial, accommodating thousands of birds. The value of pigeons as a food source, particularly during leaner months, made these structures economically important for landowners. Pigeon droppings, known as guano, were also a highly prized fertilizer due to their rich nitrogen content. While the widespread commercial raising of pigeons for meat has diminished in many parts of the world, columbaries still exist today, often maintained by hobbyists for sport, pigeon racing, or as decorative features. Some modern columbaries are also designed to accommodate cremated remains, functioning as a form of mausoleum.