colorscience

Color science is an interdisciplinary field that studies how light interacts with matter, how the eye and brain perceive color, and how color information can be measured, modeled, and reproduced across devices and media. It integrates physics, chemistry, physiology, psychology, and engineering to support accurate color communication.

Colorimetry is a foundational technique in color science. It quantifies color with numerical values, such as tristimulus coordinates, and situates them in reference spaces. The CIE 1931 standard observer and the CIE XYZ color space underpin many color measurements. From XYZ, chromaticity coordinates and perceptual spaces such as CIELAB are derived.

Color appearance and perception extend beyond physical measurements. Perceptual models capture how luminance, hue, and chroma are interpreted under different viewing conditions. Concepts like color constancy, metamerism (different spectra yielding same color), and adaptation influence how colors are perceived in practice.

Instruments and color management tools operationalize color science. Spectrophotometers and colorimeters measure spectral or tristimulus data, while color management systems use ICC profiles and rendering intents to translate colors between devices. Gamma correction, white point, and illuminant choice affect display and print consistency.

Standard illuminants, white points, and color spaces guide industry practice. D65 (representing noon daylight) and other references support consistent reproduction. Organizations such as the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and ISO publish standards for color measurement, color appearance, and device calibration.

Applications span photography, display technology, printing, textiles, automotive, and consumer electronics. Color science enables accurate color reproduction, color grading, quality control, and perceptual research, helping designers and engineers communicate color intent across diverse media and lighting environments.