coastalzone

The coastal zone is the interface between land and sea. It includes beaches, dunes, cliffs, estuaries, deltas, marshes, mangroves, coral reefs, and nearshore waters, and is commonly defined by a combination of ecological characteristics and administrative boundaries. The inland extent varies by region, from a few hundred meters to several kilometers, depending on topography and policy.

The environment is highly dynamic, shaped by waves, tides, currents, and storm activity. Sediment is constantly eroded, transported, and deposited, causing shoreline advance or retreat. Sea level rise and human modifications alter coastal processes and vulnerability.

Coastal ecosystems provide essential services: they serve as nurseries for many fish species, protect inland areas from storms, store carbon (in mangroves and salt marshes), filter water, and support tourism and recreation.

Human activities in coastal zones include settlements, ports, fisheries, tourism, and industry. Development, pollution, dredging, and land reclamation can degrade habitats, reduce biodiversity, and increase flood and erosion risks to communities.

Coastal zone management aims to balance use and protection through Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Strategies include land-use planning, zoning, habitat restoration, nature-based defenses, protected areas, wastewater management, and early warning systems.

Policies and examples: many countries have coastal management programs. The United States maintains the Coastal Zone Management Act program; India operates the Coastal Regulation Zone framework; the European Union promotes ICZM through policy and funding programs.