coalitionbased

Coalition-based refers to approaches, processes, or structures that rely on forming and maintaining coalitions—agreements among multiple actors to pursue shared goals. The term is used across political science, economics, international relations, and computer science to describe mechanisms that depend on collaboration among parties with varying interests.

In politics and governance, coalition-based systems arise when no single party holds a parliamentary majority. Parties negotiate to form a governing coalition and agree on a policy program, cabinet composition, and distribution of resources. The stability and effectiveness of such a government depend on cohesion, negotiated compromise, and institutional rules.

In game theory and economics, coalition-based models study how self-interested agents form coalitions to improve outcomes. Analyses examine how coalitions are formed, how payoffs are shared, and which coalitions are stable under various voting or bargaining rules, using concepts such as the core, Shapley value, and bargaining sets.

In international relations, coalition-based diplomacy describes alliances and coalitions that coordinate actions such as sanctions, peacekeeping, or military interventions. These coalitions balance member interests, provide legitimacy, and distribute burden and risk, but may suffer from coordination costs and divergent strategic aims.

In multi-agent systems and artificial intelligence, coalition-based approaches allow autonomous agents to form temporary coalitions to complete tasks that are difficult for any single agent to accomplish, with negotiated agreements on task allocation, incentives, and joint execution.

Advantages include increased bargaining power, risk sharing, and the ability to address diverse stakeholders. Challenges include delay in decision making, strategic manipulation, free-riding, and potential instability when coalitions weaken or collapse.

Because coalition-based is a descriptive term rather than a single theory, its exact meaning varies by domain, and readers should consult field-specific literature for definitions, models, and empirical findings.