clustermunition

Cluster munitions, also known as cluster bombs or cluster shells, are a type of explosive weapon designed to release multiple smaller submunitions over a wide area. They are typically delivered by aircraft, artillery, rockets, or missiles. The submunitions, sometimes called bomblets, are stored inside a container or dispenser and spread out upon release, covering a larger target zone than a single bomb or shell. Depending on design, submunitions may be anti-personnel, anti-armor, or have dual purposes. Some are contact-fuzed, others are time-delay or impact-activated; many are designed to detonate on impact or after dispersal, causing fragmentation.

Historically, cluster munitions have been used by numerous armed forces since the mid-20th century and remain in the arsenals of several states. They can deliver large quantities of explosive payloads quickly, with the potential to affect civilian areas far from the initial strike. However, a significant share of submunitions fails to explode on impact, becoming unexploded ordnance (UXO) that can pose long-term dangers to civilians and hinder post-conflict recovery.

International law treats cluster munitions as highly controversial; their use raises concerns under principles of distinction and proportionality in armed conflict. A number of states adopted the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, which bans the production, transfer, and use of cluster munitions and obligates stockpile destruction and clearance. Despite treaty efforts, many countries have not joined, and the weapon remains subject to ongoing humanitarian and legal debate.