civilizaní

Civilization refers to a complex human society, typically characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (such as writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment. It is often contrasted with simpler forms of social organization like tribes or bands. The concept of civilization has been used historically to draw distinctions between different groups of people, often with a hierarchical implication where certain societies are deemed more advanced or "civilized" than others.

The emergence of civilization is often associated with the Neolithic Revolution, which brought about agricultural surpluses, leading to settled populations and the growth of villages that could evolve into cities. Key features that scholars associate with civilization include the development of organized government, specialized labor, monumental architecture, and complex religious systems. The study of civilization often involves archaeology, anthropology, and history, seeking to understand the origins, development, and interactions of these complex societies throughout human history.

However, the term "civilization" can be problematic. It has been used in the past to justify colonialism and cultural imperialism, implying a moral or intellectual superiority of one group over another. Modern scholarship often emphasizes the diversity of human societies and avoids making sweeping value judgments based on the presence or absence of certain characteristics. Instead, there is a greater focus on understanding the specific social, political, and economic structures of different groups without necessarily ranking them on a singular scale of "civilization." The term continues to be used, but with increased awareness of its historical baggage and a more nuanced approach to its application.