chulha
A chulha, also known as an earthen stove or hearth, is a traditional cooking appliance commonly found in rural areas of India and other parts of South Asia. It is typically constructed from clay or mud, often mixed with straw or cow dung for reinforcement. The basic design involves an enclosed combustion chamber where fuel, such as wood, dung cakes, or agricultural waste, is burned to produce heat. This heat is then used for cooking, usually with pots or pans placed on top of the chulha.
Chulhas vary in design and size depending on regional customs and available materials. Some are simple, open-top
Efforts have been made to develop improved chulha designs that are more fuel-efficient and reduce smoke. These