cervikalcolumna

The cervical spine, also known as the cervical column or neck vertebrae, is the uppermost section of the vertebral column in terrestrial vertebrates. It is located in the neck and supports the head. In humans, the cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae, commonly designated as C1 through C7. These vertebrae are distinct from those in the thoracic and lumbar regions due to their smaller size and the presence of transverse foramina, which are holes in the transverse processes that transmit the vertebral arteries.

The topmost vertebra, C1, is called the atlas. It is ring-shaped and lacks a vertebral body and spinous process. The atlas articulates with the occipital bone of the skull, allowing for the nodding motion of the head. The second cervical vertebra, C2, is known as the axis. It possesses a superior projection called the dens or odontoid process, which fits into the anterior arch of the atlas. This articulation permits the rotational movement of the head, such as shaking it side to side.

The remaining cervical vertebrae, C3 through C7, exhibit more typical vertebral structures with bodies, pedicles, laminae, spinous processes, and transverse processes. The spinous processes of C2 through C6 are typically bifurcated. The cervical spine is crucial for mobility, enabling a wide range of head and neck movements, including flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. It also protects the spinal cord, a vital part of the central nervous system that transmits nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Injuries to the cervical spine can have severe consequences, ranging from pain and stiffness to paralysis.