carènes
Carènes, in nautical usage, designate the hull of a vessel—the underwater body that interacts with water and supports buoyancy and hydrodynamics. The carène's shape influences stability, resistance, and speed. Navies and shipyards categorize hull forms by their balance between displacement and planing: traditional full-displacement hulls, slender fast-displacement hulls, planing or hydroplaning hulls, and multi-hull configurations such as catamarans. Key parameters include length-to-beam ratio, deadrise angle, keel type, and ballast. The term derives from the French carène meaning the hull; in naval architecture, the carène is the primary element determining a ship's performance.
Hull construction has evolved from wooden frames with planking to iron, steel, and composite materials. Maintenance
In marine culture, the carène is also an area of historical study, with changes in hull shape
In contexts outside maritime usage, carène may appear in other disciplines with meanings unrelated to ships;