carbonprocessing

Carbonprocessing is a set of industrial and laboratory methods used to transform carbon-containing feedstocks into materials with tailored structure and properties. The term covers processes such as carbonization and pyrolysis of biomass, coal, or polymers; graphitization to increase crystallinity; activation to create porous carbons; oxidation or functionalization of carbon surfaces; and the integration of carbon materials into composites, membranes, and devices. The scope includes both non-graphitic forms such as activated carbon and graphitic forms such as graphite, carbon fibers, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, as well as intermediate products like char and carbon black.

Common processing routes include thermal treatment in inert or reducing atmospheres to yield char or carbon fibers; gasification with steam or carbon dioxide to generate synthesis gas; chemical activation using agents such as potassium hydroxide or phosphoric acid to develop high surface area; hydrothermal carbonization for wet biomass; and post-treatment steps like washing, drying, and milling. High-temperature graphitization may be applied to improve conductivity and mechanical properties. Process control targets properties such as porosity, surface chemistry, particle size, and crystallinity.

Applications span energy storage, including electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors; adsorption and separation, such as gas purification and water treatment; catalysis supports; and structural or conductive components in composites and electronics. Economic and environmental considerations include energy intensity, feedstock variability, emissions, and end-of-life disposal. Safety concerns focus on fine carbon powders, dust generation, and high-temperature operations. Ongoing research aims to improve sustainability, scalability, and performance of carbonprocessing workflows.