carbonatiterich

Carbonatite-rich refers to a geological classification of igneous rocks characterized by a high content of carbonate minerals. These rocks are distinct from other igneous rocks like silicates due to their unusual mineralogical composition, where carbonate minerals (such as calcite, dolomite, or ankerite) constitute more than 50% of the rock's volume. This definition distinguishes them from silicate rocks with minor carbonate alteration.

The formation of carbonatites is a topic of ongoing scientific discussion, but it is generally accepted that they originate from the melting of mantle sources that are enriched in volatiles and incompatible elements. These magmas are thought to form at significant depths and ascend to the surface, often erupting in volcanic settings. They are frequently found in association with rift zones and alkaline igneous provinces, suggesting a link to deep crustal and mantle processes.

Carbonatites are of considerable economic interest because they are the primary source of several rare earth elements (REEs), as well as niobium, phosphorus, and tantalum. Many of the world's economically viable REE deposits are hosted within carbonatite complexes. The unique chemical environment within these rocks allows for the concentration of these valuable elements. Examples of significant carbonatite occurrences are found in locations such as the Kola Peninsula in Russia, Mount Weld in Australia, and the Palabora Complex in South Africa. Their study provides insights into mantle metasomatism, crustal evolution, and the geological processes responsible for concentrating critical mineral resources.