bylaw

A bylaw is a rule adopted by a local government or organization to regulate conduct, property use, or procedures within a defined jurisdiction. Bylaws are common in municipalities, counties, and corporations.

Municipal bylaws are created by city, town, or regional councils or boards under powers delegated by higher law, such as constitutional provisions, statutes, or municipal charters. They must stay within the authority granted and cannot contravene higher laws.

Examples of bylaws include zoning regulations, building and safety codes, animal control, noise limits, business licensing, traffic rules, park rules, and waste collection standards.

Enactment and amendment typically involve a formal process: proposal, public notice or consultation, readings or committee review, and a council vote. Some jurisdictions require approval by higher authorities or courts. Bylaws take effect on a specified date or after publication or registration.

Enforcement is carried out by designated officials, such as bylaw enforcement officers or police, and violations may incur fines, penalties, or court actions. Repeal or amendment can occur through the same legislative body that enacted them.

Corporate bylaws are internal rules governing a company’s governance, including the duties of directors and officers, meeting procedures, voting, and transfer of shares. They are adopted by the board or shareholders and must comply with the corporate charter and applicable law. Amendments typically require a defined majority as set out in the bylaws or charter.

Distinctions: bylaws regulate conduct within a local or corporate context and operate under statutory authority, while statutes are enacted by higher legislative bodies. Bylaws must align with higher law and can be challenged in court if they exceed authority or violate rights.