biosyntes

Biosynthesis, also known in some contexts as biosyntes, is the cellular process by which living organisms produce complex molecules from simpler starting materials. It relies on enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert small precursors into larger biomolecules, using energy from ATP and reducing equivalents such as NADPH.

Biosynthesis is a central component of metabolism and is essential for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. It is generally divided into primary biosynthesis, which yields essential biomolecules like amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and carbohydrates, and secondary biosynthesis, which produces specialized metabolites such as alkaloids, pigments, and antibiotics that are not strictly required for growth but can confer ecological advantages.

Reactions occur in various cellular compartments (cytosol, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum) depending on the organism and molecule. Pathways are regulated at multiple levels, including gene expression, enzyme activity, and feedback inhibition, and are influenced by the cell’s energy status and nutrient availability.

In biotechnology, biosynthetic pathways are harnessed through fermentation, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to produce drugs, vitamins, biofuels, and other chemicals. Studying biosynthesis often uses methods such as isotope labeling and metabolic flux analysis to quantify fluxes through pathways.

Note: In many contexts, the term biosynthesis is standard, while biosyntes may appear as a shorthand or in non-English spellings of the word.