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The biosphere, also known as the ecosphere, is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. It is the zone of life on Earth, extending from the deep ocean to the upper atmosphere, and is characterized by the presence of various ecosystems, each with its unique biotic and abiotic components.

The biosphere is home to an estimated 8.7 million species, ranging from microorganisms like bacteria and archaea to complex multicellular organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi. These organisms interact through various food chains and food webs, creating a complex web of life. The biosphere plays a crucial role in maintaining the Earth's habitability by regulating processes like the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and oxygen production through photosynthesis.

The biosphere is influenced by various factors, including solar radiation, temperature, and the availability of water and nutrients. These factors shape the distribution and diversity of life on Earth, leading to the formation of distinct biomes like forests, deserts, and oceans. The biosphere is also affected by human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, which can have significant impacts on its structure and function.

The study of the biosphere is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various scientific disciplines, including ecology, geology, chemistry, and biology. Understanding the biosphere is essential for addressing global challenges such as biodiversity loss, climate change, and sustainable resource management. By studying the biosphere, scientists can gain insights into the complex interactions between living organisms and their environment, and develop strategies to protect and preserve the Earth's life-supporting systems.