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Biologicals, often referred to as biologics, are a class of therapeutic agents derived from living organisms or their components. These substances are distinct from traditional small-molecule drugs, which are chemically synthesized. Biologicals encompass a wide range of products, including vaccines, blood and blood components, tissues, and allergenics. They also include therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids that are produced using recombinant DNA technology.

The development and production of biologicals are complex processes, often involving cell cultures or fermentation. Their large molecular size and complex structure mean they are typically administered by injection or infusion rather than orally. Biologicals work by targeting specific pathways or molecules within the body, making them highly effective for treating a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Examples of biological therapies include monoclonal antibodies, which are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and certain types of cancer, and recombinant insulin, a vital treatment for diabetes. Vaccines are another prominent category, stimulating the immune system to prevent infectious diseases. While highly effective, biologicals can also be associated with specific side effects and require careful monitoring. Their production is also generally more expensive than that of small-molecule drugs, contributing to their higher cost. The field of biologicals continues to evolve rapidly, with ongoing research leading to new and innovative treatments.