besin

Besin is the Turkish term for nutrient. In nutrition science, a nutrient is any substance required by living organisms in adequate amounts to survive, grow, and maintain health. Nutrients are commonly divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water—are needed in larger amounts because they provide energy and structural material. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are required in smaller quantities but are essential for metabolic processes, immune function, and development.

Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities. Examples include essential amino acids (nine in humans), essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, certain vitamins, and minerals like iron, iodine, and calcium. Energy is measured in calories or kilojoules, primarily from carbohydrates, fats, and to a lesser extent protein. Vitamins act as coenzymes and antioxidants; minerals support bone health, fluid balance, and nerve function.

Dietary sources vary by nutrient. A balanced diet emphasizes a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, dairy or fortified alternatives, and fats from healthy sources. Digestive processes break nutrients down, absorb them, and distribute them to tissues; excesses can be stored or excreted, while deficiencies impair function and may cause disease.

Nutrition guidance is provided by health organizations through dietary guidelines and recommended intakes, adjusted for age, sex, activity, and health status. The concept of besin encompasses the broad spectrum of substances necessary for maintaining life and well-being.