benzodiazepiinit

Benzodiazepiinit are a class of psychoactive drugs that act on the central nervous system by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the benzodiazepine site on the GABA-A receptor as positive allosteric modulators, increasing the frequency of chloride channel openings in response to GABA. This enhances neuronal inhibition and produces a range of effects including sedation, anxiolysis, muscle relaxation, and anticonvulsant activity.

Clinically, benzodiazepiinit are used for short-term relief of anxiety and panic symptoms, treatment of insomnia (short-term), management of seizures, relief of muscle spasm, and support during alcohol withdrawal. They vary in duration of action: short-acting agents provide rapid relief but may require frequent dosing, while long-acting agents can accumulate, offering sustained effects but with a higher risk of daytime drowsiness.

Risks and limitations include the development of tolerance and physical dependence with prolonged use, potential withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, cognitive impairment and reduced psychomotor performance, and increased risk of falls in older adults. They can interact dangerously with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants and may depress respiration in susceptible individuals. Overdose is a serious concern but usually more reversible when promptly treated; flumazenil can be used as an antagonist in clinical settings.

Regulatory status typically requires a prescription and scheduling as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. Guidelines emphasize using the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration, with careful tapering when stopping after longer courses. In pregnancy, use is generally discouraged due to potential risks to the fetus.