befolkningsaldring

Befolkningsaldring, or population aging, is the increasing share of older persons within a population and a rising median age. It occurs when birth rates fall and life expectancy rises, leading to a larger proportion of people living into old age.

Key indicators include median age, the share of people aged 65 and over, the old-age dependency ratio, and the aging index. Factors driving aging include persistent low fertility, improvements in health and longevity, and selective migration that can alter age structure.

Global patterns show rapid aging in many high-income countries since the late 20th century, while lower- and middle-income countries are also aging as fertility declines. The pace and consequences differ by policy, economy, and social systems.

Impacts: a slower growth in the working-age population can affect economic growth and tax bases, while higher demand for pensions, healthcare, and long-term care increases public and private expenditures. It also influences housing, urban planning, and consumer demand. On the positive side, older workers bring experience and savings, and aging can encourage innovation in health and elder care.

Policy responses include raising retirement ages and encouraging higher labor-force participation among older adults, investing in lifelong learning, and reforming pension and health-care systems to ensure sustainability. Policies to boost fertility or attract migrant workers, together with automation and productivity gains, can mitigate pressures. Strengthening informal care networks and expanding long-term care services are common measures.

Examples of regions with notable aging dynamics include Japan, much of Western Europe, and parts of East Asia. Understanding population aging helps governments plan for healthcare, pensions, housing, and social support as age structure shifts.