beetasalpaat
Beetasalpaat, or beta blockers, are a class of medications that block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing the effects of adrenaline and other catecholamines. They can be non-selective, blocking both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors (for example propranolol, nadolol) or beta-1 selective (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol). Some agents have additional properties, such as intrinsic sympathomimetic activity or vasodilating effects (carvedilol, labetalol).
Mechanism of action: by antagonizing beta-adrenergic receptors, they decrease heart rate and contractility, lower blood pressure,
Indications: management of hypertension, angina pectoris, certain arrhythmias, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. They
Pharmacokinetics and administration: available orally and by intravenous infusion; bioavailability and half-lives vary by drug. Dosing
Adverse effects: bradycardia, fatigue, dizziness, and hypotension are common; non-selective agents can provoke bronchospasm in asthma
Contraindications and cautions: acute decompensated heart failure, severe bradycardia, heart block without a pacemaker, uncontrolled asthma
History: developed in the mid-20th century with contributions from researchers such as James Black; beta blockers