barlang

Barlang is the Hungarian term for a natural underground cavity, commonly translated as cave. Caves occur in a variety of rock types but are most common in soluble rocks such as limestone, dolostone, and gypsum. They are formed through a range of geological processes and are studied by speleology, with many caves developing as networks of passages and chambers.

Most barlang form by karst processes: water dissolves rock along joints and conduits, gradually widening openings into passages. Other types include lava tubes formed during volcanic eruptions, sea caves carved by wave action, and glacier caves formed by melting ice. The shape and size of a barlang depend on its formation, climate, and rock type.

Interior features often include speleothems such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, and columns of calcite. Some caves host unique ecosystems and organisms adapted to permanent darkness and stable temperatures, such as troglobionts, bats, and various invertebrates. Access to sensitive habitats is often restricted to protect them.

Humans have used barlang for shelter, ritual spaces, mining, and, more recently, tourism and science. Caving and cave science contribute to hydrology, archaeology, and paleontology, but cave environments are fragile and easily damaged by visitors. Many caves are protected as natural monuments or part of wider protected areas, and responsible practices, including guided visits and conservation efforts, are encouraged.