aviations

Aviation refers to the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft for the transport of people and goods, as well as for military and research purposes. It encompasses civil aviation—commercial and general aviation—and military aviation, along with specialized fields such as aeronautical research and spaceflight support.

The history of aviation begins with experiments in lighter-than-air craft and the first powered flight by the Wright brothers in 1903, followed by rapid refinements in aerodynamics, propulsion, and airframes that enabled commercial air travel and global air networks in the mid-20th century. Since then, aviation has evolved to include jet propulsion, wide-body airliners, air cargo, and increasingly automated and digital operations.

Modern aviation relies on a global network of airports, air traffic control systems, and regulatory frameworks designed to ensure safety, efficiency, and environmental responsibility. International standards are coordinated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); national regulators such as the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) oversee certification, airworthiness, and operations within their jurisdictions. The industry is supported by manufacturers of aircraft and components, airlines, maintenance providers, and ground handling services.

Key technological trends include lightweight and durable materials such as composites, high-efficiency engines like turbofans and geared turboprops, advanced avionics, and fly-by-wire flight control systems. Environmental considerations drive development of sustainable aviation fuels, electric and hybrid propulsion, and quieter operations. Drones and urban air mobility are expanding the scope of aviation beyond traditional air transport.