atabak

An atabak, also spelled atabek or atabeg, was a title of Turkic origin meaning "leader of the army" or "commander." It was initially a military rank bestowed upon high-ranking officials in Turkic states, particularly within the Seljuk Empire and its successor states. These individuals often served as tutors or guardians for young princes, hence the title also came to signify a regent or a high-ranking minister responsible for the upbringing and education of the heir.

The role of the atabak evolved over time. In the Seljuk Empire, atabaks were powerful figures who often wielded considerable influence, sometimes even acting as de facto rulers while the sultan was young or absent. This position led to the establishment of independent or semi-independent atabak states, known as Atabegates or Atabakates, particularly in regions like Azerbaijan, Fars, and Syria. Prominent examples include the Atabegs of Azerbaijan, the Atabegs of Fars, and the Atabegs of Syria. These states often maintained their own dynasties and exerted local control, sometimes paying nominal allegiance to larger empires. The title gradually lost its primary military connotation and became more associated with administrative and princely guardianship roles.