aseptie

Aseptie, or asepsis, refers to the state of being free from pathogenic microorganisms, and to the practices used to achieve and maintain that condition. In medicine and science, asepsis aims to prevent infection and contamination by ensuring sterile conditions around wounds, surgical sites, and laboratory work. The term comes from Greek a- meaning "without" and sēpsis meaning "putrefaction" or "decay".

Asepsis is distinct from antisepsis and disinfection. Aseptic technique focuses on preventing the introduction of microorganisms into sterile areas, whereas antisepsis involves reducing or inhibiting microorganisms on living tissue. Sterilization refers to removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life on inanimate objects, while disinfection reduces microbial load but may not achieve sterility.

Key methods include sterilization of instruments and supplies (for example by autoclaving, dry heat, chemical sterilants, or irradiation), maintaining a sterile field, hand hygiene, and use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, and masks. Environmental controls such as clean rooms and laminar flow ventilation, and sterile packaging help minimize contamination. Proper waste handling and process controls are also essential.

Common applications are surgical procedures, wound care, catheterization, implant placement, and laboratory work where maintaining sterility is critical to prevent infection or contamination.

Limitations exist: asepsis reduces risk but cannot eliminate it entirely. Breaches in technique, equipment failure, or environmental contamination can still lead to infection. Overreliance on asepsis must be balanced with practical patient safety and resource considerations.

Historically, the modern emphasis on asepsis emerged in the 19th century with pioneers such as Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister, who demonstrated that hand hygiene and sterile techniques reduce postoperative infections. The concept has since evolved into standardized practices in surgery, nursing, and laboratory disciplines.