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Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, the space within the abdomen that contains organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver. This condition is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of an underlying medical problem, most commonly related to liver disease. Other causes can include heart failure, kidney failure, certain cancers, and infections.

The buildup of fluid can lead to a distended abdomen, discomfort, pain, and a feeling of fullness. Patients may also experience shortness of breath due to pressure on the diaphragm, nausea, and changes in appetite. The fluid itself can range in appearance from clear to cloudy, and its composition can provide clues about the underlying cause.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans, and paracentesis. Paracentesis is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the abdomen to withdraw a sample of the ascetic fluid for analysis. This analysis helps identify the cause of the ascites and guide treatment.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying condition causing the fluid buildup. For liver-related ascites, diuretics are often prescribed to help the body eliminate excess fluid. Dietary sodium restriction is also crucial. In more severe cases, procedures like paracentesis to drain the fluid or the insertion of a shunt to redirect fluid may be necessary. Lifestyle modifications and management of the primary disease are essential for long-term control.