arteziánus

Artesian is a term used to describe a type of well in which groundwater rises without the need for pumping. This phenomenon occurs when a confined aquifer, an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that holds and transmits groundwater, is situated between two impermeable layers, such as clay or dense rock. The aquifer is often sloped, with the recharge area (where rainwater enters the aquifer) at a higher elevation than the well.

In an artesian well, the pressure exerted by the weight of the water in the recharge area forces the water upwards in the well. If the pressure is great enough, the water will rise above the ground surface, creating a flowing artesian well. If the pressure is insufficient to cause the water to flow out, it is called a non-flowing artesian well, and a pump would still be required. The term "artesian" originates from the historical province of Artois in France, where such wells were first described.

Artesian aquifers are significant sources of freshwater in many regions worldwide. They are important for agriculture, industry, and municipal water supplies. However, over-extraction can lead to a decrease in artesian pressure and the depletion of these valuable resources. Sustainable management practices are crucial to ensure their long-term availability. The geological conditions necessary for artesian wells are specific, involving the presence of a confined aquifer with a sufficient hydraulic head.