archaizm

Archaizm, or archaism, is a linguistic phenomenon in which a word, expression, or grammatical form belongs to an earlier stage of a language and is no longer standard in contemporary speech. Archaisms can be lexical (vocabulary that has fallen out of common use), grammatical (older inflection or pronoun forms), or phonological (older pronunciations). They may also be semantic, in which meanings have shifted over time.

Archaisms occur for several reasons: historical change leaves certain forms behind, while others persist in fixed phrases, literature, religious or ceremonial language, or regional speech. They are often revived or retained for stylistic purposes, to evoke a particular period, convey formality, or lend a sense of authenticity to a text or character.

In practice, archaisms are most visible in literature and historical writing. English examples commonly cited include words and forms such as betwixt, ere, anon, erstwhile, hither, thither; pronouns and verbs like thou, thee, thy, hast, hath, wilt, doth. Similar devices appear in other languages, where older spellings, pronunciations, or grammatical forms are kept for effect or preserved in religious, legal, or poetic contexts.

Because language evolves, many archaisms gradually disappear from everyday use, though they may survive in fixed expressions or in stylistic or ceremonial registers. They remain a recognizable tool for heightening historical atmosphere or emphasizing tradition in modern texts.

See also: archaism, obsolete language.